Friday, July 4, 2025

Canada’s Politics and Government News Source Since 1989

Friday, July 4, 2025 | Latest Paper

Book Review

FeatureBY PETER MAZEREEUW | June 30, 2025
Mark Carney
On June 9, Prime Minister Mark Carney announced Canada would spend and extra $9-billion on defence this fiscal year, to finally reach the military alliance's then-two per cent of GDP spending target. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY PETER MAZEREEUW | June 30, 2025
FeatureBY PETER MAZEREEUW | June 30, 2025
Mark Carney
On June 9, Prime Minister Mark Carney announced Canada would spend and extra $9-billion on defence this fiscal year, to finally reach the military alliance's then-two per cent of GDP spending target. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY PETER MAZEREEUW | June 26, 2025
Prime Minister Mark Carney
Prime Minister Mark Carney. In his new book, Andrew Coyne says he tries to show that centralized power is ‘worse here than in other countries.’
FeatureBY PETER MAZEREEUW | June 26, 2025
FeatureBY PETER MAZEREEUW | June 26, 2025
Prime Minister Mark Carney
Prime Minister Mark Carney. In his new book, Andrew Coyne says he tries to show that centralized power is ‘worse here than in other countries.’
FeatureBY BRYCE C. TINGLE | May 19, 2025
Author Bryce C. Tingle on why he wrote this book: 'Business corporations are among the most important and powerful institutions in our society, but most Canadians don’t actually know how they are governed and who gets a say in what they do.' Book cover and author photograph courtesy of Cambridge University Press
FeatureBY BRYCE C. TINGLE | May 19, 2025
FeatureBY BRYCE C. TINGLE | May 19, 2025
Author Bryce C. Tingle on why he wrote this book: 'Business corporations are among the most important and powerful institutions in our society, but most Canadians don’t actually know how they are governed and who gets a say in what they do.' Book cover and author photograph courtesy of Cambridge University Press
Seized By Uncertainty: The Markets, Media and Special Interests That Shaped Canada’s Response to COVID-19, by Kevin Quigley, Kaitlynne Lowe, Sarah Moore, and Brianna Wolfe, published by McGill-Queen's University Press. Book cover and author photographs courtesy of McGill-Queen's University Press
Seized By Uncertainty: The Markets, Media and Special Interests That Shaped Canada’s Response to COVID-19, by Kevin Quigley, Kaitlynne Lowe, Sarah Moore, and Brianna Wolfe, published by McGill-Queen's University Press. Book cover and author photographs courtesy of McGill-Queen's University Press
FeatureBY JAMES B. KELLY | May 5, 2025
James B. Kelly: 'This book should be read by any prime minister or premier that contemplates using Section 33 of the Charter of Rights, in a pre-emptive fashion.' Book cover and author's photo courtesy of UBC Press
FeatureBY JAMES B. KELLY | May 5, 2025
FeatureBY JAMES B. KELLY | May 5, 2025
James B. Kelly: 'This book should be read by any prime minister or premier that contemplates using Section 33 of the Charter of Rights, in a pre-emptive fashion.' Book cover and author's photo courtesy of UBC Press
FeatureBY PAMELA CROSS | April 28, 2025
Author Pamela Cross' book, And Sometimes They Kill You: Confronting the Epidemic of Intimate Partner Violence is one of five books on this year's Donner Prize shortlist, and considered one of the best public policy books of the year. Book cover and photograph courtesy of
FeatureBY PAMELA CROSS | April 28, 2025
FeatureBY PAMELA CROSS | April 28, 2025
Author Pamela Cross' book, And Sometimes They Kill You: Confronting the Epidemic of Intimate Partner Violence is one of five books on this year's Donner Prize shortlist, and considered one of the best public policy books of the year. Book cover and photograph courtesy of
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | April 21, 2025
Conservative Party leader Pierre Poilievre, pictured April 12, 2025, making an announcement on a campaign stop at the Tomlinson Environmental Services shop in Nepean, Ont. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | April 21, 2025
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | April 21, 2025
Conservative Party leader Pierre Poilievre, pictured April 12, 2025, making an announcement on a campaign stop at the Tomlinson Environmental Services shop in Nepean, Ont. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
Authors Mou Haizhen and Michael Atkinson on why they wrote this book: 'We wrote Fiscal Choices out of a genuine concern for Canada’s capacity to cope with both short-term economic shocks and long term-fiscal challenges.' Book cover and photograph courtesy of the University of Toronto Press
Authors Mou Haizhen and Michael Atkinson on why they wrote this book: 'We wrote Fiscal Choices out of a genuine concern for Canada’s capacity to cope with both short-term economic shocks and long term-fiscal challenges.' Book cover and photograph courtesy of the University of Toronto Press
FeatureBY STEPHEN JEFFERY | April 21, 2025
Rose LeMay is the author of Ally Is a Verb. Book cover courtesy of Page Two and handout photograph
FeatureBY STEPHEN JEFFERY | April 21, 2025
FeatureBY STEPHEN JEFFERY | April 21, 2025
Rose LeMay is the author of Ally Is a Verb. Book cover courtesy of Page Two and handout photograph
FeatureBY JAMIE CARROLL | April 2, 2025
Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre launched his campaign outside of the Museum of History in Gatineau, Que., on March 23. The Hill Times photograph by Sam Garcia
FeatureBY JAMIE CARROLL | April 2, 2025
FeatureBY JAMIE CARROLL | April 2, 2025
Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre launched his campaign outside of the Museum of History in Gatineau, Que., on March 23. The Hill Times photograph by Sam Garcia
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | March 1, 2025
Alasdair Roberts
Alasdair Roberts, author of 'The Adaptable Country,' says 'this is a book about the capacity of all Canadians to determine the future of their country. In other words, it is a book for Canadians who want to take back control.' Book cover and author photograph courtesy of McGill-Queen's University Press
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | March 1, 2025
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | March 1, 2025
Alasdair Roberts
Alasdair Roberts, author of 'The Adaptable Country,' says 'this is a book about the capacity of all Canadians to determine the future of their country. In other words, it is a book for Canadians who want to take back control.' Book cover and author photograph courtesy of McGill-Queen's University Press
FeatureBY CHRISTOPHER DORNAN | January 9, 2025
In his new book, Shadows of Tyranny, left, Ken McGoogan argues we're at a historical juncture, where an ascendant right—personified by U.S. president-elect Donald Trump, right—is fed up with this system of laws, regulations, and institutions and means to rewrite them, writes Christopher Dornan. Book cover courtesy of Douglas & McIntyre and Trump photo courtesy of Commons Wikimedia
FeatureBY CHRISTOPHER DORNAN | January 9, 2025
FeatureBY CHRISTOPHER DORNAN | January 9, 2025
In his new book, Shadows of Tyranny, left, Ken McGoogan argues we're at a historical juncture, where an ascendant right—personified by U.S. president-elect Donald Trump, right—is fed up with this system of laws, regulations, and institutions and means to rewrite them, writes Christopher Dornan. Book cover courtesy of Douglas & McIntyre and Trump photo courtesy of Commons Wikimedia
FeatureBY STEPHEN JEFFERY | January 2, 2025
Chrystia Freeland
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, left, with Chrystia Freeland prior to her resignation from cabinet. A new biography on Freeland details the former finance minister and deputy prime minister's past. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY STEPHEN JEFFERY | January 2, 2025
FeatureBY STEPHEN JEFFERY | January 2, 2025
Chrystia Freeland
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, left, with Chrystia Freeland prior to her resignation from cabinet. A new biography on Freeland details the former finance minister and deputy prime minister's past. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
Opinion | BY MARK JOHNSON | December 23, 2024
Tonay Blair’s On Leadership describes the necessity of having a 'hinterland' of family, non-political friends, hobbies, and interests that keep you sane, grounded, and ultimately make you a better leader, writes Mark Johnson. Photograph courtesy of Wikipedia Commons
Opinion | BY MARK JOHNSON | December 23, 2024
Opinion | BY MARK JOHNSON | December 23, 2024
Tonay Blair’s On Leadership describes the necessity of having a 'hinterland' of family, non-political friends, hobbies, and interests that keep you sane, grounded, and ultimately make you a better leader, writes Mark Johnson. Photograph courtesy of Wikipedia Commons
FeatureBY STEPHEN JEFFERY | December 17, 2024
Chrystia Freeland
Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland, pictured Dec. 3, 2024, resigned from cabinet on Dec. 16. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY STEPHEN JEFFERY | December 17, 2024
FeatureBY STEPHEN JEFFERY | December 17, 2024
Chrystia Freeland
Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland, pictured Dec. 3, 2024, resigned from cabinet on Dec. 16. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | December 16, 2024
Book covers courtesy of Penguin Random House Canada, Simon & Schuster, Véhicule Press, James Lorimer, Signal/McClelland & Stewart, Penguin Random House Canada, and McGill-Queen's University Press
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | December 16, 2024
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | December 16, 2024
Book covers courtesy of Penguin Random House Canada, Simon & Schuster, Véhicule Press, James Lorimer, Signal/McClelland & Stewart, Penguin Random House Canada, and McGill-Queen's University Press
FeatureBY BRUCE CAMPBELL | December 16, 2024
U.S. President Joe Biden, left, and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in Trudeau's office on Parliament Hill on March 24, 2023. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY BRUCE CAMPBELL | December 16, 2024
FeatureBY BRUCE CAMPBELL | December 16, 2024
U.S. President Joe Biden, left, and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in Trudeau's office on Parliament Hill on March 24, 2023. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY STEPHEN JEFFERY | December 16, 2024
Carol Off's At a Loss for Words: Conversation in an Age of Rage is a worthwhile assessment of the world we face, taking a step back from the daily news and examining why we're divided, how this has happened, and who stands to benefit the most from a polity that cannot find a common ground on basic reality. Photographs courtesy of Penguin Random House
FeatureBY STEPHEN JEFFERY | December 16, 2024
FeatureBY STEPHEN JEFFERY | December 16, 2024
Carol Off's At a Loss for Words: Conversation in an Age of Rage is a worthwhile assessment of the world we face, taking a step back from the daily news and examining why we're divided, how this has happened, and who stands to benefit the most from a polity that cannot find a common ground on basic reality. Photographs courtesy of Penguin Random House
FeatureBY PAUL PARK | December 16, 2024
Former Jean Chrétien-era foreign affairs minister Lloyd Axworthy, pictured in Ottawa on March 25, 2019. The Hill Times photograph by Sam Garcia
FeatureBY PAUL PARK | December 16, 2024
FeatureBY PAUL PARK | December 16, 2024
Former Jean Chrétien-era foreign affairs minister Lloyd Axworthy, pictured in Ottawa on March 25, 2019. The Hill Times photograph by Sam Garcia
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | November 4, 2024
NDP MP Charlie Angus just released a new book, Dangerous Memory: Coming of Age in the Decade of Greed, his ninth book: 'I don’t think I would have been able to keep doing the political work if I didn’t nurture space for musical creativity and research.' Photograph courtesy of Paul Rincon and House of Anansi Press
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | November 4, 2024
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | November 4, 2024
NDP MP Charlie Angus just released a new book, Dangerous Memory: Coming of Age in the Decade of Greed, his ninth book: 'I don’t think I would have been able to keep doing the political work if I didn’t nurture space for musical creativity and research.' Photograph courtesy of Paul Rincon and House of Anansi Press
FeatureBY CHRISTOPHER DORNAN | October 30, 2024
Justin Trudeau, left, Pierre Poilievre, and Jagmeet Singh. Author Jonathan Manthorpe insists our representative democracy is crucially misrepresentative. The first-past-the-post electoral system skews the outcome, so the governments we get are a triple distortion of voters’ political will, writes Chris Dornan. The Hill Times photographs by Sam Garcia and Andrew Meade
FeatureBY CHRISTOPHER DORNAN | October 30, 2024
FeatureBY CHRISTOPHER DORNAN | October 30, 2024
Justin Trudeau, left, Pierre Poilievre, and Jagmeet Singh. Author Jonathan Manthorpe insists our representative democracy is crucially misrepresentative. The first-past-the-post electoral system skews the outcome, so the governments we get are a triple distortion of voters’ political will, writes Chris Dornan. The Hill Times photographs by Sam Garcia and Andrew Meade
FeatureBY CHRISTOPHER DORNAN | June 10, 2024
Hot tickets: Stephen Maher's The Prince: The Turbulent Reign of Justin Trudeau, and Paul Wells' Justin Trudeau on the Ropes are must-reads this spring. Images courtesy of Simon & Schuster, Sutherland House, and The Hill Times photographs by Jake Wright
FeatureBY CHRISTOPHER DORNAN | June 10, 2024
FeatureBY CHRISTOPHER DORNAN | June 10, 2024
Hot tickets: Stephen Maher's The Prince: The Turbulent Reign of Justin Trudeau, and Paul Wells' Justin Trudeau on the Ropes are must-reads this spring. Images courtesy of Simon & Schuster, Sutherland House, and The Hill Times photographs by Jake Wright
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | May 27, 2024
Justin Trudeau: 'The contrast between the vision that Mr. Poilievre is putting forward and what we continue to work for every single day couldn't be clearer, couldn't be crisper. As a competitor, as a leader, as someone committed to this country, being there for that conversation with Canadians touches me at the ore of what I feel my purpose is.' The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | May 27, 2024
FeatureBY KATE MALLOY | May 27, 2024
Justin Trudeau: 'The contrast between the vision that Mr. Poilievre is putting forward and what we continue to work for every single day couldn't be clearer, couldn't be crisper. As a competitor, as a leader, as someone committed to this country, being there for that conversation with Canadians touches me at the ore of what I feel my purpose is.' The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY BENJAMIN PERRIN | May 6, 2024
Benjamin Perrin on why his book is important: 'Indictment shares the first-hand stories of people whose lives have been devastated by the criminal justice system along with the latest research. It proposes a new transformative justice vision to help transform trauma rather than continue to transmit it.' Book cover and author photograph courtesy of Aevo UTP
FeatureBY BENJAMIN PERRIN | May 6, 2024
FeatureBY BENJAMIN PERRIN | May 6, 2024
Benjamin Perrin on why his book is important: 'Indictment shares the first-hand stories of people whose lives have been devastated by the criminal justice system along with the latest research. It proposes a new transformative justice vision to help transform trauma rather than continue to transmit it.' Book cover and author photograph courtesy of Aevo UTP
FeatureBY ASTRA TAYLOR | May 6, 2024
Astra Taylor: 'How we understand and respond to insecurity is one of the most urgent questions of our moment, for nothing less than the future security of our species hangs in the balance. Insecurity can cut both ways, serving as a conduit to empathy, humility, and belonging—or it can spur defensive and destructive compulsions.' Book cover and author photograph courtesy of House of Anansi Press Inc.
FeatureBY ASTRA TAYLOR | May 6, 2024
FeatureBY ASTRA TAYLOR | May 6, 2024
Astra Taylor: 'How we understand and respond to insecurity is one of the most urgent questions of our moment, for nothing less than the future security of our species hangs in the balance. Insecurity can cut both ways, serving as a conduit to empathy, humility, and belonging—or it can spur defensive and destructive compulsions.' Book cover and author photograph courtesy of House of Anansi Press Inc.
FeatureBY DONALD SAVOIE | May 6, 2024
Donald J. Savoie on who should read this book: 'I wrote this book for all Canadians. I think that it is important for Canadians to take stock of what works, what does not, who benefits from the country’s national political institutions, who does not, and how collectively we can make them better.' Book cover and author photograph courtesy of McGill-Queen's University Press
FeatureBY DONALD SAVOIE | May 6, 2024
FeatureBY DONALD SAVOIE | May 6, 2024
Donald J. Savoie on who should read this book: 'I wrote this book for all Canadians. I think that it is important for Canadians to take stock of what works, what does not, who benefits from the country’s national political institutions, who does not, and how collectively we can make them better.' Book cover and author photograph courtesy of McGill-Queen's University Press
FeatureBY CHRISTOPHER DORNAN | May 6, 2024
Not Here: Why American Democracy is Eroding and How Canada Can Protect Itself, by Rob Goodman, and Canada: Beyond Grudges, Grievances, and Disunity, by Donald J. Savoie, McGill-Queen’s University Press. Book covers courtesy Simon & Schuster Canada and McGill-Queen's University Press
FeatureBY CHRISTOPHER DORNAN | May 6, 2024
FeatureBY CHRISTOPHER DORNAN | May 6, 2024
Not Here: Why American Democracy is Eroding and How Canada Can Protect Itself, by Rob Goodman, and Canada: Beyond Grudges, Grievances, and Disunity, by Donald J. Savoie, McGill-Queen’s University Press. Book covers courtesy Simon & Schuster Canada and McGill-Queen's University Press
Opinion | BY DONALD SAVOIE | June 27, 2022
Prime ministers did not make government less of a political institution by centralizing more and more political power into their own hands and offices. Rather, they have made government operations even more political and, at the same time, eroded further the efficacy of government, writes Donald Savoie. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
Opinion | BY DONALD SAVOIE | June 27, 2022
Opinion | BY DONALD SAVOIE | June 27, 2022
Prime ministers did not make government less of a political institution by centralizing more and more political power into their own hands and offices. Rather, they have made government operations even more political and, at the same time, eroded further the efficacy of government, writes Donald Savoie. The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY JIM CRESKEY | June 13, 2022
Charlie Angus' eighth book, the very readable Cobalt: Cradle of the Demon Metals, Birth of a Mining Superpower, belongs in the category of Canadian history that isn't taught in school but should be, writes Jim Creskey. Image courtesy of House of Anansi Press and The Hill Times photograph by Sam Garcia
FeatureBY JIM CRESKEY | June 13, 2022
FeatureBY JIM CRESKEY | June 13, 2022
Charlie Angus' eighth book, the very readable Cobalt: Cradle of the Demon Metals, Birth of a Mining Superpower, belongs in the category of Canadian history that isn't taught in school but should be, writes Jim Creskey. Image courtesy of House of Anansi Press and The Hill Times photograph by Sam Garcia
FeatureBY CAROL ANNE HILTON | May 30, 2022
Carol Anne Hilton: 'This book sets out to examine the significance of the Indigenous presence in today’s modern economy and within the emerging economy here in Canada and beyond.' Photographs courtesy of New Society Publishers
FeatureBY CAROL ANNE HILTON | May 30, 2022
FeatureBY CAROL ANNE HILTON | May 30, 2022
Carol Anne Hilton: 'This book sets out to examine the significance of the Indigenous presence in today’s modern economy and within the emerging economy here in Canada and beyond.' Photographs courtesy of New Society Publishers
FeatureBY MARK CARNEY | May 25, 2022
Mark Carney, author of Value(s): Building a Better World for All. ‘By building a sense of vocation, we can each be custodians who improve our institutions and communities for the next generations.’ Handout photographs
FeatureBY MARK CARNEY | May 25, 2022
FeatureBY MARK CARNEY | May 25, 2022
Mark Carney, author of Value(s): Building a Better World for All. ‘By building a sense of vocation, we can each be custodians who improve our institutions and communities for the next generations.’ Handout photographs
FeatureBY MIKE LAPOINTE | May 25, 2022
Lawyer and eco-advocate Dimitri Lascaris, left, and Green Party MP and parliamentary leader in the House Elizabeth May. Lascaris says that, in his opinion, 'the time has come for Elizabeth to part the scene—gracefully if possible—and to leave ample space to the next leader to chart a new path for the Green Party of Canada.' Photograph courtesy of Twitter, The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY MIKE LAPOINTE | May 25, 2022
FeatureBY MIKE LAPOINTE | May 25, 2022
Lawyer and eco-advocate Dimitri Lascaris, left, and Green Party MP and parliamentary leader in the House Elizabeth May. Lascaris says that, in his opinion, 'the time has come for Elizabeth to part the scene—gracefully if possible—and to leave ample space to the next leader to chart a new path for the Green Party of Canada.' Photograph courtesy of Twitter, The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY JOANNA CHIU | May 16, 2022
Joanna Chiu, author of China Unbound and a senior journalist at The Toronto Star. 'There are many books that study China's political system but China Unbound fills a gap in providing an accessible yet research-dense work of global reportage that provides concise historical context, cross-country comparisons as well as revealing individual stories.' Photograph courtesy of House of Anansi
FeatureBY JOANNA CHIU | May 16, 2022
FeatureBY JOANNA CHIU | May 16, 2022
Joanna Chiu, author of China Unbound and a senior journalist at The Toronto Star. 'There are many books that study China's political system but China Unbound fills a gap in providing an accessible yet research-dense work of global reportage that provides concise historical context, cross-country comparisons as well as revealing individual stories.' Photograph courtesy of House of Anansi
Flora MacDonald, pictured in 2010 and who died in 2015, was Canada's first female foreign affairs minister. Geoffrey Stevens says MacDonald's final decades were remarkable. 'This high-profile cabinet minister disappeared from public view. She became an unpaid volunteer working in refugee camps in Africa and Asia, in an international campaign to preserve the watersheds of the great rivers of Tibet, and as a teacher and builder of schools and hospitals in remote mountain villages of Afghanistan.' The Hill Times file photograph by Jake Wright
Flora MacDonald, pictured in 2010 and who died in 2015, was Canada's first female foreign affairs minister. Geoffrey Stevens says MacDonald's final decades were remarkable. 'This high-profile cabinet minister disappeared from public view. She became an unpaid volunteer working in refugee camps in Africa and Asia, in an international campaign to preserve the watersheds of the great rivers of Tibet, and as a teacher and builder of schools and hospitals in remote mountain villages of Afghanistan.' The Hill Times file photograph by Jake Wright
Co-author Mike Blanchfield, pictured. 'We wanted to shine the light on an important case of two Canadians who were arrested and imprisoned in China as time was marching on and there seemed little prospect of their being released.' The Hill Times photograph by Kate Malloy
Co-author Mike Blanchfield, pictured. 'We wanted to shine the light on an important case of two Canadians who were arrested and imprisoned in China as time was marching on and there seemed little prospect of their being released.' The Hill Times photograph by Kate Malloy
FeatureBY STEPHEN POLOZ | May 16, 2022
Stephen Poloz, pictured on May 1, 2020, at a press conference on the Hill. 'Failing to meet this challenge is likely to strain many of the foundations we hold dear, placing extraordinary demands on our political leadership. Indeed, the next age of uncertainty will demand longer-term thinking not only by companies and individuals, but by governments, besides.' The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY STEPHEN POLOZ | May 16, 2022
FeatureBY STEPHEN POLOZ | May 16, 2022
Stephen Poloz, pictured on May 1, 2020, at a press conference on the Hill. 'Failing to meet this challenge is likely to strain many of the foundations we hold dear, placing extraordinary demands on our political leadership. Indeed, the next age of uncertainty will demand longer-term thinking not only by companies and individuals, but by governments, besides.' The Hill Times photograph by Andrew Meade
FeatureBY STEPHANIE CARVIN | May 9, 2022
Stephanie Carvin, author of Stand on Guard: Reassessing Threats to Canada’s National Security. 'What is necessary is for Canadians to responsibly widen their understanding of national security threats so that they may be more empathetic towards those affected.' Photographs handouts
FeatureBY STEPHANIE CARVIN | May 9, 2022
FeatureBY STEPHANIE CARVIN | May 9, 2022
Stephanie Carvin, author of Stand on Guard: Reassessing Threats to Canada’s National Security. 'What is necessary is for Canadians to responsibly widen their understanding of national security threats so that they may be more empathetic towards those affected.' Photographs handouts